Landscape approaches render a scheme to contextualise adaptive co-management and effectively integrate policy and practice through iterative learning to balance multiple objectives in a given spatial area. Being inclusive of various modalities, these approaches have great potential to facilitate policy making and implementation for the 2050 vision for biodiversity aiming at "living in harmony with nature". Recommendations: • Adopt landscape approaches for the development and implementation of National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs). • Apply experience-based and action-oriented processes to develop the capacity of policy administrators and other stakeholders. • Assess socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes (SEPLS) against the criteria of protected areas (PAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) for measurable and continuous biodiversity conservation.

4 p.

2409-3017